Effect of SCMs on Alkali-Silica-Reaction Mitigation 1- Fly Ash the three characteristics of fly ash that determine its efficiency in preventing ASR are fineness, mineralogy, and chemistry. In general, the finer the fly ash, the
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Concrete Spalling Currently, there are two mechanisms concerning the occurrence of spalling: 1- the pore pressure build up causes spalling in the cement matrix and 2- thermal and mechanical stresses. In 1997, Anderberg gave an account
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Corrosion of Embedded Metals in Concrete Corrosion of reinforcing steel and other embedded metals is the leading cause of deterioration in concrete. When steel corrodes, the resulting rust occupies a greater volume than the steel.
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Carbonation is the term used to describe the effect of carbon dioxide on a material. The phenomenon rarely leads to structural problems but carbonation-induced corrosion can lead to unsightly spalling on structures. The repair costs,
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For concrete structures in chloride-containing environments, the ingress of chlorides can take place in different ways. Through uncracked concrete, the ingress mainly takes place by capillary absorption and diffusion. When a relatively dry concrete is
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In this article, the three types of Alkali–Aggregate Reactions are described: (1) alkali–carbonate reaction (ACR), (2) alkali–silicate reaction, and (3) alkali–silica reaction (ASR). Alkali–Aggregate Reactions Water in the pores of hardened concrete contains quantities of dissolved ions
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Distress Identification Before attempting any repair procedure it is necessary to have a planned approach to investigate the condition of concrete and reinforcement. While the diagnosis of damage or deterioration in some cases is reasonably
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Visual Defects of Concrete: one of the simplest ways to understand what exactly causes concrete to fail would be performing a Visual Survey of the deteriorated concrete structure. When a client hires an Engineer to inspect a
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