In this article, the three types of Alkali–Aggregate Reactions are described: (1) alkali–carbonate reaction (ACR), (2) alkali–silicate reaction, and (3) alkali–silica reaction (ASR). Alkali–Aggregate Reactions Water in the pores of hardened concrete contains quantities of dissolved ions
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Distress Identification Before attempting any repair procedure it is necessary to have a planned approach to investigate the condition of concrete and reinforcement. While the diagnosis of damage or deterioration in some cases is reasonably
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Visual Defects of Concrete: one of the simplest ways to understand what exactly causes concrete to fail would be performing a Visual Survey of the deteriorated concrete structure. When a client hires an Engineer to inspect a
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In this article, two of the visual defects that might appear on concrete are discussed: Surface Rust Stains and Efflorescence (or Leaching) of concrete. Surface Rust Stains Rust stains are caused by corroded steel below
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In this article, two of the visual defects that might appear on concrete are discussed: Cracking and Honeycombing of concrete. Cracking of Concrete Cracking is frequently occur in concrete structures. There are various types of cracking that
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In this article, two of the visual defects that might appear on concrete are discussed: Surface Scaling and Spalling of concrete. Surface Scaling of Concrete Scaling is a form of disintegration and is due in most
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Effect of Elevated Temperature on Concrete Strength Concrete structures could be exposed to high temperatures due to different reasons, mainly during exposure to fire; another one could be when the structure or its elements are
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Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP):Introduction-Properties Concrete structures regardless of their purpose are disintegrating. A common link for this breakdown is that steel reinforcement is being used to strengthen the flexural capacity of the structures. Reinforcing steel
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