Carbonation is the term used to describe the effect of carbon dioxide on a material. The phenomenon rarely leads to structural problems but carbonation-induced corrosion can lead to unsightly spalling on structures. The repair costs,
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Aggregates: Effects and Classification Aggregates constitute a skeleton of concrete. Approximately three-quarters of the volume of conventional concrete is occupied by aggregate. It is inevitable that a constituent occupying such a large percentage of the
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Rodded Unit Weight of Coarse Aggregates PURPOSE Determination of the unit weight of coarse aggregates in a compacted condition. This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 15 cm in nominal size. The unit
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Selection of the Construction Plant The selection of plant is usually straightforward but the following points are relevant. 1- Cost a- Hire rate Take all factors into account if you are offered alternatives. What are the
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Concrete in Compression It is generally accepted that the behavior of a reinforced concrete member under load depends on the stress–strain relationship of the materials, as well as the type of stress to which it is
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Concrete in Tension: Tensile Strength of Concrete The tensile and compressive strengths of concrete are not proportional, and an increase in compressive strength is accompanied by an appreciably smaller percentage increase in tensile strength. According
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Structural Design and Limit States Aims and methods of design Codes state that the aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that the structure will perform satisfactorily during its life. It must
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There is no generally accepted method of directly measuring the amount of work necessary to achieve full compaction, which is a definition of workability. Probably the best test yet available uses the inverse approach: the
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