What are Stirrups? A stirrup is a closed loop of reinforcement bar, which has a main function of holding the main reinforcement (RFT) bars together in a reinforced concrete element. Stirrups can come in multiple shapes according to the design and shape of elements. The stirrups used are typically made out of a steel piece …
What is Waterproofing? A structure that allows moisture infiltration can experience serious damage. When water exists in liquid form, the impact on structure can be catastrophic, causing it to be uninhabitable. Waterproofing refers to the options that can prevent moisture penetration under hydrostatic head pressure. Thus, waterproofing is an essential component for the durability during service …
What is Pervious Concrete? Pervious concrete is a structural concrete pavement with a large volume (15 to 35 percent) of interconnected voids. Similar to normal concrete, pervious concrete is made from a mixture of cement, coarse aggregates, and water. However, it contains little or no sand, which results in a porous open-cell structure that water …
Flexural Strength Flexural strength is an indirect measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a measure of the maximum stress on the tension face of an unreinforced concrete beam or slab at the point of failure in bending. It is measured by loading 150 x 150-mm (or (100 x 100-mm) concrete beams with a span length …
Purpose of test To determine the specific gravity of soil fraction passing 4.75 mm sieve by pycnometer. Use of specific gravity value The knowledge of specific gravity is needed in calculation of soil properties like void ratio, degree of saturation etc. Definition Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an …
Effect of SCMs on Alkali-Silica-Reaction Mitigation 1- Fly Ash the three characteristics of fly ash that determine its efficiency in preventing ASR are fineness, mineralogy, and chemistry. In general, the finer the fly ash, the more efficient it is in reducing ASR expansion. An ultra fine fly ash, with particle size around 3 μm, can …
Concrete Spalling Currently, there are two mechanisms concerning the occurrence of spalling: 1- the pore pressure build up causes spalling in the cement matrix and 2- thermal and mechanical stresses. In 1997, Anderberg gave an account on spalling caused by vapour pressure. The mechanism is believed to be the same for both High Performance Concrete (HPC) …
Soil Testing Required for Road Construction Generally, when it come to construction on soils, tests should be performed to understand the nature of soil that the building is going to be constructed on. In this article, the basic tests required for the construction of roads and highways are briefly mentioned. Common test are: Soil classification, particle …